How to Build A Body - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 390 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Fitness Essay Did you like this example? ABDOMINAL Ball Crunch â€Å" My Core is at a point where I can do these pretty much ad infinitum, but when I first started out a couple years ago I found them noticeably more difficult than a tradition crunch on the floor. A part of that was due to having to develop balance and stability for performing the crunch while on a sphere. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to Build A Body" essay for you Create order BICEPS Ball Biceps Curl â€Å" at high weights I found it a bit easier than normal, since I could sue the ball as a stabilizer. DELTOIDS Ball Rear Deltoid Row â€Å" The only additional difficulty was remaining stable on a sphere. ERECTOR SPINAE Hyperextension â€Å" I could feel my stabilizer muscles activating in ways theyre not normally required to maintain the proper form. GASTROCNEMIUS SOLEUS Ball Calf Raise â€Å" No change in weight, pressing the ball firm as a handle. GLUTEUS Hip Bridge â€Å" I can feel the muscles in my glutes (and lower) back active a lot faster, due to the elevation and need for suspension. HAMSTRINGS Ball Reverse Leg Curl â€Å" Can get bored doing these without the ball, but with it it adds the extra muscle tension and new focus on balancing. LATISSIMUS DORSI RHOMBOIDS Alternating Arm-Leg Extension â€Å" Find the difficulty fot his depends more on the size of the ball, larger ones forcing my muscles to work ahrder to stay in place and keep proper form. OBLIQUES Ball Side Crunch â€Å" Similarly to the ball crunch the results didnt really change at this stage, though thats more personal than a general rule. PECTORALIS Ball Push-Up â€Å" I ended up doing a little less because of the added pressure of the incline. QUADRICEPS Ball Squat (on Wall) â€Å" Found it to be about the same difficulty. TRAPEZIUS Ball Row Upside-Down â€Å" Very intense, I found my reps limited due to the necessary focus on not falling off the ball while simultaneously pulling myself up, activating a lot more muscle tension. TRICEPS Ball Triceps Extension â€Å" No variance in weight was apparent for me. Stability balls can be a great addition to a routine in general, but are also especially good in rehab situations as they were designed for. They add a greater range of motion to many exercises and help work on ones sense of balance from many angles. A stability ball is another way to augment resistance training, if someone has no experience

Jane Joyce s Eveline Gender Differences - 1068 Words

Eveline: Gender Differences in Post Colonial Ireland Gender equality is achieved when both men and women receive the same rights and opportunities throughout all areas of society. Often, it is men who are given dominance while the women are deprived of owning such superiority; this is called a patriarchal society. In James Joyce’s Eveline, it is quite clear that women were not allowed the equality of men in the social, political, and economic fields, primarily in the postcolonial times at which this book was written in. As Eveline’s life was greatly influenced by people of the male gender, her decision at the end of the short story suggests that she was significantly influenced by her religion, economic status, as well as her identity as a woman during this time period in Dublin, Ireland. During the postcolonial times the presence of the Roman Catholic Church dominated the Republic of Ireland making Irish Christianity the largest religion. It is through marriage that Eveline is able to fulfill the personal desire encultu rated within her through society. O’Brien identifies in Study: An Irish Quarterly Review that Eveline believes that by becoming Frank’s wife, she can â€Å"completely valorise her female identity† (207). By becoming a married woman she would gain ‘respect’, as Joyce explains, â€Å"then she would be married – she, Eveline. People would treat her with respect then. She would not be treated as her mother had been† (73). It is through Frank that Eveline can find her

Corporate finance and accounting research - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. From your firms financial statement, list each item of equity and write your understanding of each item. Discuss any changes in each item of equity for your firm over the past year articulating the reasons for the change. 2. What is your firms tax expense in its latest financial statements? 3. Is this figure the same as the company tax rate times your firms accounting income? Explain why this is, or is not, the case for your firm. 4. Comment on deferred tax assets/liabilities that is reported in the balance sheet articulating the possible reasons why they have been recorded. 5. Is there any current tax assets or income tax payable recorded by your company? Why is the income tax payable not the same as income tax expense? 6. Is the income tax expense shown in the income statement same as the income tax paid shown in the cash flow statement? If not why is the difference? 7. What do you find interesting, confusing, surprising or difficult to understand about the treatment of tax in your firms financial statements? What new insights, if any, have you gained about how companies account for income tax as a result of examining your firms tax expense in its accounts? Answers: Answer 1: Within a companys balance sheet statement, there are three key items and one among them is deemed to be equity. Helloworld Travel Limited is not exempted from such item. Relied on the companys balance sheet statement for 2017, certain vital aspects encompass treasury shares, issued capital, retained earnings and reserves. Issued capital is considered as the business organizations equity (Armstrong et al., 2015). Issued capital is measured through multiplying the overall outstanding shares along with all its shares par value. The annual report of the company indicates that Helloworld Travel Limiteds issued capital has increased from$ 366,235 in 2016 to $ 395,081in 2017. Another equity aspect that is mentioned within the companys equity section encompasses reserves. It can be stated that reserves serves as a factor of equity in the company that is considered as the additional amount other than basic share capital (Atanasov Black, 2016). The recent annual report of Helloworld Travel Limited indicates that reserves of the company have decreased from$ 163,051 in the year 2016 to $ 7,150in the year 2017. Another aspect within the equity section of the company encompasses retained earnings. It indicates total profit and loss of the company from the time the company came into existence which decreased any dividends paid from the behalf of its shareholders. As per the annual report, it has been gathered that the company did not deal with any type of retained earnings and rather it has encountered certain accumulated losses. Such accumulated losses of the company have decreased from $ (292,218) in the year 2016 to $ (123,717) in the year 2017. This indicate s the company experiences more losses in comparison to its profits (Graham et al., 2017). The last aspect of Hello world Travel Limiteds equity section is the treasury shares. These shares might take place because of shares buyback or they have not issued the same within the first place. Such shares do not have any type of voting rights along with the dividend payments and for such reason, they are not considered within the outstanding shares computation (Graham et al., 2017). As per the balance sheet statement of Hello world Travel Limited of the year 2017, the treasury share value is being constant at $ 123,717in both the years from 2016 and 2017. For this reason, it indicates that the company has not repurchased shares from all its shareholders. Answer 2: In the current years, business companies experience several types of expenses that include selling and administrative expenses and many more (Cheng, Ioannou Serafeim, 2014). An organization does not offer its real percentage of taxation rate within its income statement. Tax expenses is deemed to be the last line aspect prior the calculation of net income and the company can recognize effective tax rate through observing other information within financial statement. Tax expense can be deemed as a part of it. In addition, tax expense is taken into account as a part of major liability of the company owing within the state along with municipal and federal government within the country. Tax expense is measured through multiplying the suitable business tax along with income before tax after factoring certain key items such as non-deductible items, tax assets along with tax liabilities. In case of Helloworld Travel Limited, tax expense of the company has dropped from $ (1,774) in the year 2016 to $(9,446) in the year 2017 (Christensen et al., 2015). In case of increase in profit before income tax, the tax expense of the company is decreased because of tax provision reversal. Answer 3: It is gathered that the corporate tax rate within Australia is 30%. Considering the scenario of Hello world Travel Limited, certain identical rate is applied that is recognized from the companys annual report. In addition, the profit before tax income is recognized to be$ 3,450 in the year 2017 in comparison to$ 31,037 in the year 2016 (Damodaran, 2016). In a scenario where implementation of above tax rate is considered, the total tax expense is deemed to be in the year 2017. In addition, the organization has taken into account certain items for calculating the overall tax expense. These items are explained below: Non-deductible amortization along with depreciation Entertainment Fair value adjustments in order to trust investment property Tax provision based reversal Insurance proceedings on the plant and equipment Expenditures those are on-deductible Through taking into consideration, the previously explained aspects along with domestic tax rate Hello world Travel Limited has reconciled the rate of tax (Dowling, 2014). This has led to changes on overall tax expenses of the company in comparison to the corporate tax rate along with the accounting income of the company. Answer 4: Liabilities and deferred tax assets are two major theories linked with the tax operation of the company. A deferred tax liability takes place at the time taxable income is less than the reported income within the statement of income (Dyreng et al., 2016). This has taken place because of the accounting difference of several expense and income accounts. The most important reason behind the deferred tax liability is the application of different depreciation techniques for the financial reporting. Deferred tax assets serves as certain reductions in future payable taxes due to the reason that the organization has already paid taxes within book income to be identified as prepaid tax in the upcoming years (Dyreng et al., 2016). The amount of deferred income tax is relied on effective tax rates at the time certain temporary differences take place. Differed tax assets explains the situation in which the company makes advance or on tax payment within their financial assets (Graham et al., 2017 ). In addition, deferred tax liabilities indicate a situation in which the companys pays advance over their financial assets based tax payments (Dowling 2014). In case of Hello world Travel Limited, it can be gathered that the company has disclosed the deferred tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets within the companys annual report. The deferred tax assets of the company are observed to be$ 888 in the year 2017 in comparison to$ 1,203 in the year 2016. However, the deferred tax liabilities of the company are observed to be$ 35,191 in the year 2017 in contrast to$ 32,796 in the year 2016 (Dyreng et al., 2016). Through taking into consideration the counting regulations along with the norms associated with the deferred tax liabilities and assets, there are certain reasons that are there in order to report deferred tax assets along with liabilities. In case of deferred tax assets, there might be a reason that there is additional payment for depreciation on the behalf of the company due to certain changes within the taxable depreciation rate along with its related difference (Graham et al., 2017). Because of the additional payment associated with the depreciation, the company does not require experiencing an increased tax in the upcoming years and for this reason it is adjusted as an asset. In case of deferred tax liability, it can be stated that they generally take place due to lesser tax amounts in the present year. The company requires paying the amount that is remaining for the future years and for such reasons they are considered in the liability form (Graham et al., 2017). Answer 5: Current tax asset or the income tax payable is considered as a considerable factor for the business organizations. Considering the annual report of Hello world Travel Limited, it can be gathered that the income tax expenses is$ (9,446) in the year 2017 and there is no income tax payable in the year 2016 (Dyreng et al., 2017). In the companies, it can be observed that there is certain difference between income tax payable along with income tax expenses and for certain specific reasons this might be considered responsive for the disparity. The vital cause is the existence of deferred tax assets. There are several instances in which the company experiences an additional amount of tax in comparison to the tax expenses. In this scenario, the additional paid tax amount might be adjudged in the form of deferred tax assets that develops certain difference. Another reason is the variation among the tax accounting norms along with the financial accounting norms (Elanorinvestors.com., 2018). Wi thin such scenario, the example of depreciation can be explained. Certain difference in the depreciation can be observed within the financial accounting and tax accounting for distinct depreciation rates. For this reason, the final depreciation amount might be either decreased or increased. These are the major reasons for the differences among the income tax payable along with the income tax expense (Graham et al., 2017). Answer 6: As per the financial statements of Hello world Travel Limited, the company has offered explanation considering its tax payments within the cash flow and the income statement. In addition, it can be observed that the company has published two distinct amounts set within the above mentioned statements (Graham et al., 2017). Considering the situation of Hello world Travel Limited, tax expense of the company is observed to be$ (9,446) in the year 2017 and $ (1,774) in the year 2016 (Goh et al., 2016). In addition to that, the income tax payable for the company has been recognized to be 5,879 in the year 2017 in comparison to$ 1,419 in the year 2016. Despite that there is no payment in the year 2016. There are certain specific reasons for such difference in consideration to payment of income tax. In consideration to the income statement, the company indicates the overall amount of tax expense through charging a tax rate of around 30% within the profit before income tax (Graham et al., 2017). Conversely, the situation is not identical in case of cash flow statement. Within the section of cash flow statement there are several treatments associated with certain items of the income statement. It indicates that certain changes takes place within the current liabilities and assets of the companies. For Hello world Travel Limited, the income tax payment is taken into consideration being current asset. Within the cash flow statement certain minimization in consideration to income tax is taken into account through indicating the cash use. This indicates that few aspects linked with tax expense have been decreased before they are taken into account within the cash flow statement (Graham et al., 2017). Because of such causes, certain differences in tax expenses can be expressed within t he cash flow and income statement of the organization. Answer 7: Taxes are deemed to exist in the form of three major financial statements that includes the income statement, balance sheet and the cash flow statement. In addition the deferred income tax liability can be considered as a liability that is due in the upcoming years. Moreover, the organization has already attained the income and has considered not paying taxes on such income till the end of that year (Dyreng et al., 2016). Long term liabilities are observed to be payable within more than 12 months. In addition, sales tax is observed t be mentioned within the balance sheet in the form of current liabilities. After careful consideration of tax treatment with the annual report of Hello world Travel Limited, it can be indicated that no surprising or confusing aspect is motioned within the tax treatments (Graham et al., 2017). The company has conducted all its tax treatment through abiding by the Taxation Law of Australia based norms and regulations. In addition, it has offered all the des criptions along with the justifications of certain taxation aspects that include current tax assets, tax rates, liabilities and tax assets along with few more items. In addition, certain important aspects are observed within the tax treatment of Hello world Travel Limited. The considerable aspect within the changes in tax payment is within cash flow as well as income statement (Helloworld Annual Report., 2018). All such factors are significant in enhancing the understanding along with taxation knowledge within the company. From such analysis, insight as well as knowledge might be gathered regarding the tax treatment of Hello world Travel Limited. References: Armstrong, C.S., Blouin, J.L., Jagolinzer, A.D. Larcker, D.F., (2015). Corporate governance, incentives, and tax avoidance.Journal of Accounting and Economics,60(1), 1-17. Atanasov, V. Black, B., (2016). Shock-based causal inference in corporate finance and accounting research. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. Serafeim, G., (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), 1-23. Christensen, D.M., Dhaliwal, D.S., Boivie, S. Graffin, S.D., (2015). Top management conservatism and corporate risk strategies: Evidence from managers' personal political orientation and corporate tax avoidance.Strategic Management Journal,36(12), 1918-1938. Damodaran, A., (2016).Damodaran on valuation: security analysis for investment and corporate finance(Vol. 324). John Wiley Sons. Dowling, G.R., (2014). The curious case of corporate tax avoidance: Is it socially Management irresponsible?.Journal of Business Ethics,124(1), 173-184. Dyreng, S., Hanlon, M., Maydew, E.L. Thornock, J.R., (2016). Changes in corporate effective tax rates over the past twenty-five years. Dyreng, S.D., Hanlon, M., Maydew, E.L. Thornock, J.R., (2017). Changes in corporate effective tax rates over the past 25 years.Journal of Financial Economics,124(3), 441-463. Elanorinvestors.com., (2018).[online] Available at: https://www.elanorinvestors.com/images/ENNAR2017Report.pdf [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Goh, B.W., Lee, J., Lim, C.Y. Shevlin, T., (2016). The effect of corporate tax avoidance on the cost of equity.The Accounting Review,91(6), 1647-1670. Graham, J.R., Hanlon, M., Shevlin, T. Shroff, N., (2017). Tax rates and corporate decision-making.The Review of Financial Studies,30(9), 3128-3175. Helloworld Annual Report., (2018).Helloworldlimited.com.au. Retrieved 11 January 2018, from https://www.helloworldlimited.com.au/~/media/Helloworld%20Limited/Files/Annual%20Reports/HLO_FY17_Ann

Nike Plus Marketing Plan free essay sample

They did not want to make it too complicated or the average runner would not be interested; they had to keep their target market in mind. The product is simply a chip that fits into your Nike shoe that keeps track of you pace, distance, etc. This chip transfers data to your ipod nano which allows the runner to hear progress made and how far they have to go to reach their goal. The simplicity of the product allowed them to make the price of their product quite low; but now so low to imply poor quality. History In the 1960’s Phil Knight was in university and had a project where he had make a business plan. Along with the business plan he had to make a marketing plan to go along with it. This business plan composed of the idea of producing shoes in Japan and selling them in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Plus Marketing Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later on in 1963 Phil Knight decided to give his business plan a try. He traveled to Japan to speak with a company that manufactures shoes that goes by the name of Tiger. Phil Knight was asked who he represented and he made up the name Blue Ribbon Shoes. Phil convinced them to sell him their ‘Tiger’ shoes for that he could resell them in the US under the name Blue Ribbon Shoes. Over the 8 years the Blue Ribbon Shoes broke 1 million dollars in sales. It was at this 8 year mark (1971) he changed the name to Nike and also included the swoosh to be recognizable characteristic. After this the company grew exponentially and over 10 years sales grew up to $270 million. In 1996 Nike got the marketer of the year award which increased it popularity even more. At this point (1996) Nike had hit $6. 74 billion in sales. Environmental Analysis Social With the rise in obesity there are more and more people becoming self-conscious about their weight. This is resulting in more people going to gyms and pursuing other ways of getting exercise. This will directly result in more people purchasing the Nike plus who which to lose weight by running. People these days are wanting to belong to something more than they did in the past. Examples of this are the huge rise in people using myspace, facebook and other social networking site. Nike took advantage of this trend by creating a networking site only for people who have purchased the Nike plus. Economic Everyone is well aware that right now the economy is doing very poorly and people have less money to spend. This will hurt Nike as a company being as most of their products are at the high end scale of pricing. However, the Nike plus is cheap when compared to similar products. So the downhill economy could in fact help with sales of the Nike plus. Technological The current trend in this information age is everything becoming wireless. This includes cell phones, gaming consoles, blue tooth, etc. Nike took advantage of this trend by having the chip in the shoe communicate wirelessly with the receiver attached to the ipod nano. Competitive Companies are continuously outsourcing production to other countries in order to be profitable while offering the lowest price. Nike has taken advantage of this. Nike has the ability to move production from one country to another (what ever one has cheapest labour) while only incurring a small cost. SWOT Analysis Strengths Nike has no set factory that all or most production takes place in. If the cost of labour raises somewhere, then Nike can move its production to another location where labour is cheaper. This means Nike can produce a high quality product at the lowest possible price. Nike has very good research and development. This is very evident the many innovative product they have come out with. Nike has a global recognition for quality. Almost anywhere if some one sees the Nike swoosh they will recognize it as Nike. Weaknesses Nike does not have its own retailer and retailers are very price sensitive. This means that Nike must sell to retailers a lower price because of the competion from other bands such as Addidas. Opportunities The owners of Nike claim that Nike is not a fashion brand. They claim all of their products serve the purpose assisting people in sports. However, many people buy Nike products simply because of fashion. This is great market Nike could tap into. There are high value items that Nike has still not put into production. This includes jewelry. High value items generally come with a profit. Threats Nike sells internationally. This means that as fluctuations in currency happen Nike risks selling at a loss. This is a threat that faces all international companies. Over the past decade the market for shoes is becoming very competitive. Many more brands are coming into the market which is taking away from Nikes market share. Marketing Objectives and Strategies Being such a large company with an enormous global presence, Nike has lofty objectives to reach. Nike sets the highest standard in the industry of athletics and sports equipment, therefore when they set out In this joint-venture with Apple computers, they intended for the Nike+ brand to hold the largest market share within it’s category. With-in the first year of its launch Nike is striving to promote the Nike+ brand vigorously in an attempt to capture the interest of fitness enthusiasts and recreational runners alike. With this joint-venture, Nike hopes to gain an edge over its competitors, combining a similarly position brand with it’s elite running shoe creates a unique product that will captivate the fitness enthusiasts. The ultimate first year goal is to increase it’s share of the fitness market over it’s competitors with significant room for growth with the Nike+ brand as it looks to promote primarily within North America. The long-term goal of Nike’s marketing plan is to utilize the uniqueness of their product in order to create a commanding strangle hold on the fitness market and expand advertising efforts globally. Nike has numerous strategies that they utilize in order to reach a number of various potential consumer groups. Nike utilizes the market-leader market-product strategy. This is evident in the way in which they advertise the Nike+, using slogans such as â€Å"Run like you’ve never run before† in mixed media such as television and print advertisements. Although the Nike+ is a new product, it is essentially an innovation. Because it is an innovation Nike can draw on, not only it’s brand equity, but Apple’s as well, in order to place it as a premium product with-in the industry all while still maintaining a buzz and newness about it’s product. The primary target market of the Nike+ product are fitness enthusiasts looking to optimize the efficiency of their runs. This is very evident in the advertisements of this product. They depict a runner running against his toughest opponent-himself. The product allows for a juxtaposition of all previous accomplishments technologically displayed on the computer, allowing the runner to compare themselves against themselves. The secondary target market are casual runners looking to improve, yet may not need to use the product to its full potential to experience a benefit to their runs. Product The product is a little a chip that fits into a Nike shoe (only certain Nike shoes accept the chip). The chip comes with a receiver chip that connects to an ipod nano and the two chips communicate with each other wirelessly. The chip in the shoe records elapsed time, current pace and distance as a person is running/jogging. This data is simultaneously sent to the ipod nano using the receiver chip. Once the person has finished their exercise they can hook their ipod to the computer. The runner can then go to the Nike website and view their data. Nike has branded its self in a way that when one purchases Nike plus one has now become part of a larger community. This community is formed on the Nike website. You can compare your data with other people who have also purchased the Nike plus. You can communicate with other members and set goal for yourself. The Nike website goes another step further and creates little competitions where runners can show off their skills. This is all an effort to make the Nike plus ‘brand personality’ of being some one that promotes being a community. All of Nike products automatically have perceived high equity. Nike attempted to continue this by naming the new product Nike plus. The name creates in a persons mind everything great Nike offers, plus a bit more. People already use Nike shoes for running and now they can keep track of their progress easily. Nike strategically chose Apple’s ipod to communicate with instead of a Microsoft mp3 player. Apple has a reputation of creating higher quality products than Microsoft which is why Nike chose Apple. This helps Nike create stronger brand equity. There are many competitors Nike has for this product. These include Timex Bodylink, Garmin Forerunner, Bones In Motion. All these competitors offer more advanced running statistics than the Nike plus. Their products take the form of a watch or a band the goes around the leg. Things these products can do that the Nike plus can’t are tell the average speed, automatically pausing at an intersection or water fountain, and a few others. Despite these competitors offering more advanced products, Nike has set its self apart by being innovative. No one else other than Nike has come of with a chip that goes in your shoe that tracks your speed and delivers the data to an ipod nano. As mentioned above, Nike took this a step further by making it possible to be part of a community of other runners. Not even Adidas (main competition) has come up a product that does what the Nike plus does. The packaging has been made in a way that makes it stand out whether if the consumer knows about the product or not. It is a piece of grey cardboard with plastic wrapped around it securing the chip and receiver. To make people notice it a red stripe is placed at the top and bottom. In the top right hand corner of the top strip there is Nike’s swoosh and Apple’s logo beside it (an apple). This gets people attention because both Nike and Apple are big companies and have nothing to do with each other in any of the lines of products they sell. Price One would expect the price the Nike plus to be quite high. In fact, the price for the Nike plus is only $29. They have likely been able to do this because the Nike plus is composed of just a chip and a receiver which makes manufacturing cost lower than its competition. Apple also covered a lot of the cost for software programming since the product would result in more sales of the ipod nano. The consumer must also buy a pair of Nike shoes that are compatible with the Nike plus which is where they make most of the profit. Any pair of compatible Nike shoes cost between $80 and $110. Most of Nike market value quality and are more likely to purchase the higher priced shoes. This product is still quite new on the market and has no discount/sale price is available. Since the price is relatively low it is not necessary to offer sales at this point in time, especially since their target market is not price sensitive. Nike’s price gives it a huge advantage over competition. Many of Nikes competitors mentioned in the ‘Product’ section sell for about $300. There are some cheaper alternatives; but then the consumer would be better off just to get the Nike plus. Place In order to insure the success of any of product it carries, Nike, like any other large company, must distribute its product in retail locations most conducive its consumer’s lifestyles. With over 25,000 retailers in the United States alone, Nike already has strong, vast, and established channels willing to carry its products. Nike has its own retailers called â€Å"Niketown†, are currently in over 160 countries worldwide and also distribute their product online at nike. com. Nike+ specifically is now distributed throughout North America and Europe through retailers; however anyone can purchase the Nike+ product online, through nike. com/nikeplus. The intensity of distribution is just as intense as many other running shoes in Nike’s product line and can be found at any typical Nike retailer. Promotion The main usage of promotion done by Nike in order to promote it’s sub-brand Nike+ is advertising. Nike utilizes television advertisements specifically. They do this because it allows them to reach a large amount of potential consumers in order to promote their brand. Nike looks to convey a powerful message about physical fitness as they advertise Nike+. Nike+ advertisements promote a fun and effective way to maximize the potential of your workouts. By doing this they capture the serious runner looking to improve on the effectiveness of his or her workout, but also the casual runner just looking to better enjoy the experience. Evaluation of Marketing Plan Nike has done an excellent job of excecuting their marketing plan. Many people are not aware of the Nike plus. However, Nike succeeded in creating awareness for the people they where targeting. They clearly identified their target market and pushed the advertising on them rather than wasting money on people who will not purchase the product. Because of Nikes already strong customer base they got away with not doing advertising on massive scale. This also adds to why they where able to keep the price low for the product. Nike should have priced the Nike plus higher. Their target market has little price sensitivity and they would have been willing to pay a higher price. Then after 6 months they could have lowered the price to what it is now ($29). Nike branded the product perfectly. Gave it an image of being something that’s bigger than everything else, which is where the online community comes in. Bibliography http://nikeplus. nike. com/nikeplus/ http://reviews. cnet. com/mp3-player-accessories/nike-ipod-sport-kit/4505-6519_7-31894266. html http://xroads. virginia. edu/~CLASS/am483_97/projects/hincker/nikhist. html http://www. marketingteacher. com/SWOT/nike_swot. htm http://www. wharton. universia. net/index. cfm? fa=viewArticleid=1207language=englishspecialId= http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nike%2C_Inc. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=qOr5_GaGnPc http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=gTv3sHGNOmQ

Sports And Aggressive Behavior Essays - Dispute Resolution, Emotions

Sports and Aggressive Behavior Sport and aggressive behavior, Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. The term violence is defined as physical assault based on total disregard for the well being of self and others, or the intent to injure another person ( 2. Coakley). Intimidation usually does not cause physical harm, but often is designed to produce psychological consequences, enabling one person to physically over power or dominate another. These statements as defined by the author, Jay J. Coakley, is what people today have made a must part on sport. Pleasure and participation sports absolutely cannot be grouped with power and performance sports when in relation to aggression.Pleasure sports are simply played for pleasure. Score is usually not kept. The athletes participating are usually on occasion doing it for fun and exercise. A majority of athletes who have been playing sports since they were little, have probably been pounded into their heads that to be successful in sport, you need to be aggressive, and at some times, unnecessary. Also that to get what you want, you have to go at it with all force. Not that this is wrong but, this attitude in today's society has been a major problem factor to the athletes when they get older, to get into trouble with the law. Those long-term effects of so called discipline, patterns develops these destructive behaviors. (9. Montague) Although some people are still in belief that aggressive behaviors in all forms, are grounded into instincts, but they also relate these actions to sports. Their parents played, who were known for their aggressive behavior, so the child feels that they have to live up to that expectation.( 6. Storr) Athletes do have to be aggressive to a point, so that the team can form a strategy to win. There is also a limit to aggression when it turns into violence. People might say that it's not aggression or violence, it's just adrenaline pumping. Adrenaline isn't even similar to violence. Aggression, maybe, but nothing that would be harmful to anyone else. This might be a factor to why contact sports are so popular. For example, football, hockey, rugby, wrestling, and boxing. Contrary to predictions of instinct theory, several studies show that contact sports exist and thrive in the same societies that have high rates of aggression and violence. Unfortunately, another belief is that contact sports teach discipline, self-respect, and self-defense. (8. May ) Contact sports aren't a positive way to teach these things. Being physically tough helps, but it also needs to be left on the field when the game is over. This can also lead to the abuse of family, girlfriends, boyfriends, friends, and any other person who gets in their "way", because athletes use these sports as a way to get their aggression and angers out. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam ) Other's might argue that it's skill, and not in the least way violent. Although we really can't give a straight and to the point answer to the question "Is aggression an Instinct?" We can say that in man, as in other animals, there exists a physiological mechanism, when stimulated, it rises both subjective feelings of anger and to physical changes, which relate to fighting. This is easily set off, and like other emotional responses, it is very stereotyped, and instinctive. Just like one person is like a very angry person; they resemble one another at the psychological level. The way in which humans adapt to and control their feelings of rage. ( 5. Toch) The mechanisms in which these body changes, the functions that come about is still completely misunderstood. ( 5. Toch) Experiments from animal's show that it appears that there is a small area from the base of the brain in which the feeling of anger starts. This, from which is sent to the nervous impulses that cause the blood pressure to rise. This area is called the hypothalamus. Its function is to coordinate responses

Paul Henderson Essays - Politics And Sports, Free Essays

Paul Henderson Essays - Politics And Sports, Free Essays Paul Henderson For this project I chose as the quintessential Canadian, Paul Henderson. He is representative of the entire 1972 Team Canada. Before this famous series, it was assumed that Team Canada was unbeatable, but it soon became clear that Canada would be the underdogs and have to fight back. In the end, it was the little known player, Paul Henderson, who became the star and restored pride in the hearts of all Canadians. He is truly a "quintessential" Canadian. The 1972 Summit Series represented what was going to be a test of the best, to see who was the best "Hockey Country," Canada or the Soviet Union. Canada put their superstars up against the Soviet Union in an eight game Series where four games would be played in Canada and four in the Soviet Union. The games in Canada were played in Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg and Vancouver while in the Soviet Union, they were all played in Moscow. The superstars for Canada included Bobby Orr, Ken Dryden, Tony and Phil Esposito, the Mahovolich brothers, Jean Ratelle, Yvon Cournoyer, Rod Gilbert, Dennis Hull, Brad Park and Pat Stapleton. Canada seemed to have a stacked team, but the Soviet Union was not about to quit. In fact, they dominated Team Canada in Canada taking two of four, losing one and tying one. Canada was embarrassed! Losing game one in Montreal 7-3 Canada had given the mental edge to the Soviet Union, but took it right back in game two in Toronto with a 4-1 win. Game three in Winnipeg was anyone's game, but neither team could get a definite lead and the final was 4-4. The series was now 1-1-1 for both teams. Convinced that they could not go to the Soviet Union trailing in the series, Canada needed a big game, but to no avail as they lost in Vancouver 5-3. Team Canada left the ice to the sound of boos. When the game was over, Phil Esposito said that they (Team Canada) were going out every night and playing their butt's off and all the selfish Canadian fans can do is boo them off the ice. He thought it was a disgrace. They were giving it 150 percent every night for one reason, because they loved their country. After that interview, 3,000 fanatic fans bought tickets to see Canada in Moscow. Down two games to one, Team Canada needed three out of four to win the Summit Series and prove that Canada was the best. Unfortunately, Canada lost the first game in the Soviet Union, and were down 3-1-1. Canada was in a state of desperation and that is when Paul Henderson stepped up. Game six in Moscow was the first of the three crucial games in Canadian history. Henderson, with one minute left in Game six, slipped the puck past a sprawling Vladislav Tretiak to get the 3-2 win. In game seven, Henderson was again the hero scoring the winning goal in a dramatic 4-3 finish. Game eight was THE biggest game in Team Canada history. This Summit Series started with Team Canada as the favorites, and that changed to the Soviet Union being the favorites and the Canadians being the underdogs. Now Game eight was here and Canadians all over the world were watching. With the series tied 3-3-1 Canada needed the win to prove they were the best. With the score deadlocked at 5 and one minute to go, Henderson made Pete Mahovlich get off the ice to let him on. With 40 seconds left, Cournoyer sent the puck ahead to a speeding Henderson. Henderson slipped and fell into the near boards. Esposito intercepted the clearing attempt by the Soviet Union and banged it towards Tretiak who made the save but left the rebound loose. Henderson, alone in front, took two whacks and on the second whack it went in to the right of Tretiak with only 34 seconds left on the clock. Canada had won the game. Paul Henderson, is the true Canadian hero and the perfect definition of the "Quintessential Canadian". Canadians all over the world were filled with a sense of pride at that moment in time. At that time, Hockey was the one thing that helped identify us as Canadians. It

Systemic Professional Development and its Effect on Novice Teacher Dissertation

Systemic Professional Development and its Effect on Novice Teacher Retention Rates, A Qualitative Research Case Study - Dissertation Example The model of systematic professional development is also discussed vis-a-vis various parameters that influence teaching capabilities with significant impact on retention of novice teacher. Finally, possible remedies that have been suggested to date, with particular attention to mentorship, and systemic professional development were included in this review. To introduce newcomers to the professional culture of the school, induction and mentoring is often used, but with mixed success. For one thing, the time the assistance is offered is usually quite short, and often, if not always, the teacher is expected to be carrying an almost-full or full load. When compared with effective systemic professional development, induction and mentoring do not seem to be as successful. In the following section, the case study research methodology design will be established as a viable way to conduct a qualitative study. The specific qualitative research approach adopted for this study will be explored i n complete detail. Keywords: systematic professional development, K-12 education, retention/ attrition Section 2: Literature Review Introduction The study addresses the problem of low rate of retention among new teachers in the K-12 education system of the United States. The purpose of this study is to identify effective systemic professional development learning opportunities, if any, which aid in the retention of apprentice teachers in the teaching profession. The focus will be in answering the sub question: Why systemic professional development learning opportunities are beneficial to novice teachers? Systemic professional development is one of several possible strategies to deal with low retention amongst novice teachers. It has been credited with success in supporting apprentice teachers (Kent, 2004; Langraf, 2004; Wong et al., 1998). However, its possible influence on new teacher attrition rates is less studied. Siedentop (2006) suggests, that â€Å"what is really missing is systematic evidence to support that the approaches being advocated (work); there is some evidence to support the different positions, but it is spotty at best, flawed at worst† (p. 14). The literature to be reviewed consists primarily of books and scholarly journals from the last 15 years, though a few earlier studies are included to broaden the historical context. It concentrates on the situation in the United States, though studies of similar issues in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Europe will be consulted. The material for the review was gathered by library catalog and electronic database searches, using keywords relevant to each of its topics. The bibliographies found in nearly all source materials were critical in locating and identifying relevant studies, and the studies themselves sometimes cited valuable content from works that remained inaccessible. The gathering of material thus proceeded in a series of waves, where the last items discovered provided inf ormation on what would be most useful to access next. Literature examined in this section is closely associated with the most pertinent work available to address teacher attrition rates. Due consideration is given to the influence, if any, of professional development on novice teacher attrition rates. Included in this review is an investigation of the following:

Controversies in Correctional Education Assignment

Controversies in Correctional Education - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that  the differences between these problems and controversies include the number of complainants. The problems involve the juveniles and their supervisors or teachers, while the controversies are national debates involving the nation. As a result, the governments seem to address the issue on controversies more compared to the problems based on statistics.This research study discusses that ome of the employed supervisors lack the skill to manage these young offenders who are still undergoing human development and maturity. Lack of proper supervision may equally lead to delinquent and problematic children instead of rehabilitated children. The problem of blending these juveniles and criminal sentences has caused prolonged stays in the correctional facilities. This does not only bias the juveniles, but also contributes to consumption of disproportionate share of facility resources.  The more important issues in relation to education include recidivism, a nd the poor supervision and treatment in the juvenile correction centers. The teacher has a duty to ensure change in these juveniles and this raises concerns of the high rates of recidivism.  The numbers of juveniles in correctional facilities are on the increase based on the changing laws. Juveniles continue indulging in crimes and the crowded centers seem to fail in supervising and treating these delinquents.

Education and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Education and Development - Essay Example This paper stresses that UNESCO has also identified three dynamically interrelated factors involved in the relationship between education and development: â€Å"the economic benefits of education; the impact of education on population growth, health, and social well-being; and the relationship between education and democratic society† (UNESCO). These serve as three paths or channels in which education can boost economic development. Nigerian education is said to evolve into a number of stage and formed by quite a number of influences such as the colonial influence, the military rule, the impact of independence and a new constitution. Tgis essay makes a conclusion that many realize that the current development trend may not prove to be sustainable and as such public awareness, education and trainings are crucial in moving towards sustainability. As a deviation to the normal concept of development, sustainable development is deemed as one â€Å"that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†. With this definition, it is realized that education is the key to sustainability. This crucial role of education to sustainable development is established through the necessity of two major issues in sustainable development: population and resource consumption. The UN believes that the two things that can jeopardize sustainable development namely over population and excessive use of resources can be remedied with education. (United Nations General Assembly). Female education is found to have a negative relationship with fertility rates. Specifically, the supply of children is determined by the level of education through four intervening variables: (1) age at marriage, (2) breast feeding (3) post-partum abstinence and (4) child mortality (Akmam). A study in South Asia revealed that women with education around two to five years later than uneducated women (John Cleland). With regard to child mortality, "high rates of child mortality reduce the supply of children, which in turn is likely to increase the demand for children" (Akmam). Since educated parents have higher rates of their child surviving, they do not see the need to have more children thus abating population increase (Akmam).

Factors influencing assessment of language in school

Factors influencing assessment of language in school Due to the globalization, some people whose first language is not English are the fastest-growing school population, and in Australias classroom are becoming increasingly diverse. Take Deakin university for example, the students in the classroom come from Italy, America, China, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Australia and so on. Many students are from none English Speaking countries and different cultural background. They share the considerable challenge of having to learn English while responding to the subject-matter demands of school. This article is to explore the cultural understandings which underpin pedagogies used in international education. Moreover, there has been great recent interest in the social and policy context of language testing and assessment. McNamara (1998)comments on the recency of discussion of the ethics of language testing, an area in which social values are a main concern; while the previous relative neglect of these issues in research on language testing has been doc umented by Kunnan (1996), quoted from Hamp-Lyons article. Finally, because effective use of technology must be supported by significant investment in hardware, software, infrastructure, professional development, and support services, over the last decade, technology is introduced into the nations school systems, ultimately, the schools will be held accountable for these investments. Assessment refers to the collection and interpretation of information about learners knowledge, skills, strategies and attitudes. It is a vital and integral part of classroom instruction, and serves several purposes and audiences.Assessment polices exert considerable influence over the education of English language learners because assessment influence the identification, classification, placement, and ongoing monitoring of students. Sometimes the assessment results can help the students to improve their abilities and the quality of instruction. Assessment practices were not designed with the diversity o f current population of English language learners in their mind. As a result, assessment practices have also sometimes prevented students who are learning English from gaining access to a high quality education. Many learners complain that the English language tests are too much, in fact their abilities and skills have not been adequately assessed because traditional testing practices do not capture all that they know and can do. This essay will argue that the culture, policy and social condition, the educational background and technology impact on assessment of language in Australia. In planning assessments to be taken by the general student population, including English language learners, the general principles of good assessment practices apply. This article describes different steps within the planning process, highlighting issues most relevant to the assessment of English language learners. First of all, the policy and social considerations influence on language assessment. McNamara (1998) mentions that the use of tests as an arm of policy reform in education and vocational training has grown, and it has been incorporated as an aspect of immigration policy. These developments have invited the kind of analysis made relevant by the new frameworks for thinking about tests outlined above. The policy influence on the school and university educational systems and even the workforce. National governments often require language tests or other formal assessment procedures to be used. Test fairness is a particularly important quality when tests are related to migration, residency or citizenship. Moreover, as labor mobility has risen and immigrant and refugee flows become a more entrenched part of the present global situation, the assessment of language skills has assumed importance in the context of immigration policy, especially in Australia. Besides that the concern of governme nts for greater industrial efficiency, and the needs of vocational education and training of workforces in rapidly changing environments of production, have motivated a range of policy initiatives which have had implications for assessment. In the past 15 years, language assessment has become increasingly uses as an instrument of policy in the areas of school education, vocational training, and immigration. Khattri and Sweet (1996) demonstrate that the policy context supporting the introduction of performance assessment in school and vocational training contexts at national, state, and district levels, quoted from McNamara article. Therefore, policy makers should be aware that there are some other kinds of assessment which may also be appropriate. Tests and other methods of assessment have their own particular benefits which relating to characteristics such as impact on the candidate, the interpretability of results, standardization and reliability of the results which means that it is easy to compare candidates across the same or different administrations, and cost and practicability. It is very significant that the requirements of the situation are considered carefully to identify the most appropriate kind of assessment. It should also be noted that a combination of assessment methods is possible. Brindley argues that the function of such frameworks in providing greater accountability for systems in their delivery of language training potentially involves a conflict with the educational needs of learners and the goals of teachers. For example, as notes in the ETS standards for quality and fairness, validity is one of the most important attributes of an assessment. Validity is commonly referred to as the extent to which a test measurement what it claims to measure. For English language learners, as well as for all populations, it is critical to consider the degree to which interpretations of their test results are valid reflections of the skill or proficiency that an assessment is intended measure (Educational Testing Service, 2009). Language assessment is a measure of language ability for the ELLs. According to study guide, the Rasch model attempt to generalize from test data to estimate candidate ability and item characteristics (difficulty, discrimination and fit to the model). Estimates of candidate ability take task or item difficulty into account and are based on the assumption that the propability of a correct response is a function of the difference between the persons ability and difficulty of the task. For instance, ESL tests are being increasingly used by the Australia government to manage immigration. One test, assess, raises ethical issues in the way it is used to limit numbers and types of immigrants. There are many immigrants from the other countries want to move to Australia, the government should take effective measures to control this situation; the other, step, was used to hasten the determination of residential statu s for substantial numbers of asylum seekers (McNamara, 1998). The Australian tradition of using language tests in immigration policy contexts, dating back to the notorious dictation test which was used to implement a blatantly discriminatory immigration policy until the 1960s, is analyzed by Davies (1996). Cumming (1994) has stressed the responsibility of language assessment practice to promote the welfare of immigration. As a result, where language assessment is being considered, policy makers are urged to first consider issues at a deeper level. 690 Second of all, different language and educational background influences the assessment of English language learners. This point of view describes factors to consider when developing assessments and make useful decisions relate to testing accommodations for English language learners. The factors provide useful context for the guidelines presented in the later parts of the document. As for language factors, many English language learners in Australia are from a wide range of linguistic backgrounds. This is particularly important to keep in mind when considering the use of native language testing accommodations, since it may not be possible to provide assessments in all native languages represented in a large school district to a state. For example, in Deakin University English Language Institute (DUELI), which is a language training school related to Deakin University, many overseas students are from different country, they can communicate with each other in English, through a period o f language learning, at the end of the step there is a language assessment provided. That is to detct the progress of students in language learning. Furthermore, different levels of proficiency in English for English language learners will influence their assessment of language. They may have varying levels of oral and written English proficiency. It also conclude the native speakers, some may not have had any formal schooling in their native language. The language learners should not be assumed that they can converse easily in language learning will have the literacy skills necessary to understand the written directions for a standardized test. Some English language learners may be proficient in the English used for interpersonal communications but not in the academic English needed to fully access content-area assessments (Educational Testing Service, 2009). According to some research that shows the level of language proficiency has an influence on processing speed. Comparing with native speakers, English language learners probably take longer on tasks presented in English. This is important to keep in mind when designing and scoring the assessment, as well as when making decisions about testing accommodations. In addition, as for educational background factors, English language learners vary widely in the level of formal schooling they have had in their native language (Educational Testing Service, 2009). The degree of native language formal schooling affects not only native language, but also for the assessment of English language learners. The other the proficiency of the language learners in literacy in the native language is involving the skills and knowledge. For instance, some students are refugee people, they want to go to the school which the educational system with little or no formal schooling in any language. These students must learn English and content-area knowledge simultaneously, while also being socialized into a school context that may be extremely unfamiliar. The other English language learners may come to the formal schooling and may have received instruction in the content area in their native language. Accord to Educational Testing Service (2009) describes the primary challenge for these students is simply to change their existing content knowledge into English. In addition, these factors come into play when making decisions about appropriate accommodations. Moreover, there are vary degrees of exposure to standardized testing, it should not be assumed that the English language learners have had the same exposure to the standardized testing that is prevalent in Australia. The learners in some countries may have had no exposure to multiple-choice questions, while those from other countries may never have seen a constructed-response question. Even English language learners from educationally advantaged backgrounds and with high levels of English language proficiency may not be accustomed to standardized, large-scale assessments and may be at a disadvantage in these testing situations. Thirdly, cultural factors can be potential sources of construct-irrelevant variance that add to the complex of appropriately assessing English language learners. Culture is an important facet of the learners social environment as cultural beliefs guide and direct behaviour. Each culture has different value systems and these guides the individual. English language learners are from a wide range of cultural background, and cultural difference may place the English language learners at a disadvantage in a standardized testing situation. Lack of familiarity with mainstream Australia culture, they may potentially have an impact on test scores for English language learners. The learners who are unfamiliar with Australia culture may be at disadvantage relative to their peers because they may hold different assumptions about the testing situation or the educational environment in general, have different background knowledge and experience, or unfamiliar with Australia culture may be at a pos sess different sets of cultural values and beliefs, and therefore respond to questions differently (Accord to Educational Testing Service, 2009). In fact, assessment the true value of language assessment is to check the language learners learning level, and based on the assessment results to help students progress. Culture differences are inevitable factors and impact on language assessment obviously. In addition, assessment can be used for a variety of purpose such as diagnosis of learners strengths and weaknesses, grading of learners performance, placement of learners in an appropriate class or teaching programme, and evaluation of learners for further studies. August, D., Pease-Alvarez, L. (1996) maintains that assessment presented builds on the school-wide and classroom cultures, policies, and practices that characterize effective schools for English language learners. Elements of these include a core curriculum aligned with rigorous content standards, student assessment that i s culturally responsive, teacher knowledge of strategies that support students cultural backgrounds, and a challenging and responsive learning environment. Every element of the model is first presented in a research-based discussion and then followed by attributes of effective practices based on examples from school sites. All cultures promote specific norms of behavior that can influence the assessment and intervention process with members of ethnically diverse groups, cultural issues related to the assessment process and culturally sensitive recommendations. Last but not least, technological aspects impact on assessment of language in schools. Each technology is likely to play a different role in students learning. Rather than trying to describe the impact of all technologies as if they were the same, researchers need to think about what kind of technologies are being used in the classroom and for what purposes, applied linguists might consider technology in language assessment by discussing ways in which streamlines the testing process. Two general distinctions can be made. Students can learn from computers-where technology used essentially as tutors and serves to increase students basic skills and knowledge; and can learn with computers-where technology is used a tool that can be applied to a variety of goals in the learning process and can serve as a resource to help develop higher order thinking, creativity and research skills (Reeves, 1998; Ringstaff Kelley, 2002). In fact, much progress can be identified with respect to this worth while goal, as many language tests today are delivered on microcomputers and over the internet. An equally important strand of language assessment concerns its effects on language learning, language teaching, and knowledge within the field of applied linguistics. The story of technology in language assessment needs to encompass both the efficiency of technical accomplishments, which is evident in part through the success of testing programs in constructing technology-based tests, as well as the effects of these test. Technology can encompass a board range of devices used in the testing process, from recording equipment, statistical programs, and data bases, to programs capable of language recognition (Burstein, Frase, Ginther, and Grant, 1996). Many different types of technology can be used to support and improve learning, involving the language assessment. Everything from video content and digital moviemaking to laptop computing and handheld technologies have been used in classroom s, and new uses of technology such as podcasting are constantly emerging(Marshall, 2002). For example, writing assessment is a suitable point which can support this belief that the students can become better writers when they use the computer for writing. By creating more frequent opportunities for students to learn, Students writing in digital form makes it possible to analyze writing quality in more detail, grade the writing by automated means, and provide immediate feedback to both the student and the teacher about how well the student performed (Miller, 2009), quoted from Bejar (2010). A digital writing environment also can provide students with tools or scaffolds (Deane, Quinlan, Kostin, in press) that can facilitate writing. The feasibility of detailed writing analysis also makes it possible to study the development of writing skills and to chart their development on a meaningful scale (Attali Powers, 2008). Many years ago, access to technology was limited and writing school was one of the nations highest education priorities. Public schools have also made consistent progress in expanding Internet access in instructional rooms. Technology is introduced into our nations school systems. Along with expanded access has come a growing pervasiveness of technology in society. For the new generation of young people, technology, particularly the Internet, has assumed a substan tial stake in their social and educational lives. To sum up, English as a world language, in the past few decades a significant change about the language, researchers have found that these changes not only from English language itself, but also from other factors. This chapter has attempted to outline the issues that need to be considered and, by implication, the issues for which policy makers should take responsibility. The questions of what type of assessment is necessary for the intended purpose, and what it can be expected to measure should be considered first. For the successful use of a language test for migration and citizenship purposes, those who define the policy must work with the test providers on several aspects after the decision to use a test has been made. During these changes will impact on language -related changes in language teaching and assessment. Assessment is the practice of collecting evidence of student learning. In the past, the English test or assessment still to the native English speakers of the languag e for criteria, which language closed to the native English speakers is a good standard of evaluation results, and vice versa is not up to the standard learning objectives. Language testing and evaluation is changed now, set the highest standards and evaluate the assessment of the highest standards from the distance and differences, and then view the object of study and progress through the content analysis. Language assessment also based on the different factors is change, and position of the language assessment is more important in the world, therefore, linguists, educators, and testing evaluators should pay more attention on the advantages and limitations of the language assessment, and to grasp these changes then take effective measures.

AP Essay -- essays papers

A&P In the story â€Å"A&P† by John Updike, the main character Sammy is portrayed as a typical young male. When the three young females enter the store, he is quickly distracted from his duties. As he watches the young girls move throughout the store, he describes each of their bodies in detail giving away his overwhelming sexual awareness. Sammy is so distracted by these â€Å"bathing beauties† that he rings up some old bat’s item twice and makes her angry. It is made quite evident that Sammy is finely attuned to each and every movement of these young ladies’ as they amble down each and every aisle throughout the store. Sammy’s carnal mindedness is first made apparent in the story when he describes the â€Å"chunky one† in her green, two-piece bathing suit. Sammy describes this girl as having â€Å"a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can with those two creasants of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit, at the top of the back of her legs† (Updike 369). Sammy’s hormones kick into overdrive when he sets his eyes upon this girl’s overly fleshy backside. Sammy states that he likes what he sees even though this chic is chunky and her butt is soft and wide. It is quite clear that Sammy has a fetish of some sort with big â€Å"cans† when he refers to the girl as â€Å"the plump one in plaid, that I liked better from the back-a really sweet can† (Updike 372). Next Sammy focuses his attention on the tall, black haired girl. He views this young lady as pretty but not beautiful-â€Å"the kind of girl other girls think is very â€Å"striking† and â€Å"attractive† but never quite makes it† (Updike 370). Sammy’s sexual interest in this young female is described very overtly as he states â€Å"not that as raw material she was so bad† (Updike 373... ... the towel† and follow these affluent broads. As he looks at Queenie’s breasts that he describes as â€Å"the two smoothest scoops of vanilla I had even known were there† (Updike 373), Sammy makes his final decision to quit. It is evident that he did this in hopes to impress these women by the way in which he loudly announces his resignation to the manager. This was Sammy’s last, pitiful attempt to get these rich girls to notice him and take him to their world of utopia. Sammy soon realized that these girls either did not hear what he said, or may have heard and did not give a rip or even notice that he existed. At this point, I believe he felt like an idiot. The realization of the stupidity of his action is acknowledged by Sammy at the end of the story when he states that â€Å"his stomach kind of fell as I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter† (Updike 373).

I.B. Comparative Politics and Economics (SL) Essay

In this article, The Economist talks about how the price for a barrel of oil has dropped below the fifty dollar mark, resting at $47.36. Though many people would be happy with this, it talks about how this could be cause for alarm as a possible indicator for a worsening economy. The main economic concept described in the article would have to be consumption because it ties in with many changes that will occur as an effect of oil prices going down. Consumption is basically what it says it is: the total spending by consumers of domestic goods and services. Another concept described in this article is that of aggregate demand, mainly because consumption is bound to it. Aggregate demand is the total spending on goods or services in a period of time at a given price. Lastly, Monetary Policy is touched on in this article since there is a deflation in prices those who control monetary policy cut interest rates. * Consumption: Because of the drop in oil and also economist’s predictions that it will drop even lower, we can probably guess that consumers will save more money when they buy gas. With this extra money, incomes change and go up. Income is one of the main factors of consumption because, when it rises, people have more money to spend on other things, which increases aggregate demand. Consumer confidence also plays a role in consumption and especially in this case because, if consumers believe that gas prices will become lower, then they will have a greater chance or spending more on various goods and services. * Aggregate Demand: Changes in any of the four determinants of aggregate demand will shift it, making it lower or higher depending on which way the determinant shifts. In this case, a graph of aggregate demand would be shifting to the left because price levels are going down as the cost of oil is decreasing. * Monetary Policy: Though not discussed to a deep extent in the article, it does say that in response to the price for a barrel of oil dropping â€Å"those setting monetary policy have had no hesitation in cutting interest rates dramatically.† They’re probably cutting them do to fears of deflation which would create a greater unemployment due to a decrease in profit. Cutting interest rates would decrease the incentive to save because the cost of borrowing would be lower, this would also increase investment. In this graph you can see that aggregate demand will shift from a change in price level. So, if we make the price level oil and it goes down, then we have our demand for it go up and the aggregate demand line will shift to the left (AD2). If we increase the price for oil, the exact opposite will occur and the line will shift to the right (AD3). This all comes back to monetary policy and the article talking about people cutting interest so that it could build up consumer confidence in spending. In terms of completeness of this article, I think The Economist does an overall decent job at explaining what was going on and what could come of it but I don’t think it really touched on what we should do (or what we are doing) as a country to prevent a shortage of oil. I think the article does a good job of assuming that, although we are pursuing renewable energy, oil will be with us for a while longer and that we need to jack up the prices to reduce demand so that we don’t have the shortage too soon. In the short term, the lowering of oil prices is immensely beneficial because it increases the amount of money consumers have to spend on goods and services, and it also increases consumer confidence, making them want to get loans and mortgages.

About the Social Security Death Master File

About the Social Security Death Master File One of the federal governments most effective weapons against financial fraud, identity theft and now terrorism is a massive database of dead people grimly known as the Death Master File. Produced and maintained by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), the Death Master File is a massive computer database containing more than 85 million records of deaths, reported to Social Security, from 1936 to present. How Crooks Use Dead People Assuming the identity of a dead person has long been a favorite ploy of criminals. Everyday, living bad people use the names of dead people to  apply for credit cards, file for income tax refunds, try to buy guns, and any number of other fraudulent criminal activities. Sometimes they get away with it. More often, however, they are foiled by the Social Security Death Master file. State and federal government agencies, financial institutions, law enforcement, credit reporting and monitoring organizations, medical researchers and other industries access the Social Security Death Master file in an effort to prevent fraud and since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks comply with the USA Patriot Act. By methodically comparing applications for bank accounts, credit cards, mortgage loans, gun purchases, and other applications against the Death Master File, the financial community, insurance companies, security firms and state and local governments are better able to identify and prevent all forms of  identity fraud. Fighting Terrorism Part of the USA Patriot Act requires government agencies, banks, schools, credit card companies, gun dealers, and many other businesses, to make an  effort to verify the identity of customers. They must also maintaining records of the information they used in verifying customers identity. Those businesses may now access an online search application or maintain a raw data version of the file. The online service is updated weekly and the weekly and monthly updates are offered electronically via web applications, thus reducing handling and production time. Other Uses for the Death Master File Medical researchers, hospitals, oncology programs all need to track former patients and study subjects. Investigative firms use the data to identify persons, or the death of persons, in the course of their investigations. Pension funds, insurance organizations, Federal, State and Local governments and others responsible for payments to recipients/retirees all need to know if they might be sending checks to deceased persons. Individuals may search for loved ones, or work toward growing their family trees. Professional and amateur genealogists can search for missing links. What Information is on the Death Master File? With records of over 85 million deaths reported to SSA, the Death Master file includes some or all of the following information on each decedent: social security number, name, date of birth, date of death, state or country of residence (2/88 and prior), ZIP code of last residence, and ZIP code of lump sum payment. Since Social Security does not have the death records of all persons, the absence of a particular person from the Death Master file is not absolute proof that the person is alive, notes the Social Security Administration.

Elements in the Human Body and What They Do

Elements in the Human Body and What They Do There are several ways to consider the composition of the human body, including the elements, type of molecule, or type of cells.  Most of the human body is made up of water, H2O, with cells consisting of 65-90% water by weight. Therefore, it isnt surprising that most of a human bodys mass is oxygen. Carbon, the basic unit for organic molecules, comes in second. 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of just six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Oxygen (O) - 65% - Oxygen together with hydrogen form water, which is the primary solvent found in the body and is used to regulate temperature and osmotic pressure. Oxygen is found in many key organic compounds.Carbon (C) - 18% - Carbon has four bonding sites for other atoms, which makes it the key atom for organic chemistry. Carbon chains are used to build carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and proteins. Breaking bonds with carbon is an energy source.Hydrogen (H) - 10% - Hydrogen is found in water and in all organic molecules.Nitrogen (N) - 3% - Nitrogen is found in proteins and in the nucleic acids that make up the genetic code.Calcium (Ca) - 1.5% - Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Its used as a structural material in bones, but it is essential for protein regulation and muscle contraction.Phosphorus (P) - 1.0% - Phosphorus is found in the molecule ATP, which is the primary energy carrier in cells. Its also found in bone.Potassium (K) - 0.35% - Potassium is an im portant electrolyte. Its used to transmit nerve impulses and heartbeat regulation. Sulfur (S) - 0.25% - Two amino acids include sulfur. The bonds sulfur forms help give proteins the shape they need to perform their functions.Sodium (Na) - 0.15% - Sodium is an important electrolyte. Like potassium, it is used for nerve signaling. Sodium is one of the electrolytes that helps regulate the amount of water in the body.Chlorine (Cl) - 0.15% -  Chlorine is an important negatively-charged ion (anion) used to maintain fluid balance.Magnesium (Mg) - 0.05% - Magnesium is involved in over 300 metabolic reactions. Its used to build the structure of muscles and bones and is an important cofactor in enzymatic reactions.Iron (Fe) - 0.006% - Iron is found in hemoglobin, the molecule responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cells.Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Molybdenum (Mo), Fluorine (F), Iodine (I), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co) - total less than 0.70%Lithium (Li), Strontium (Sr), Aluminum (Al), Silicon (Si), Lead (Pb), Vanadium (V), Arsenic (As), Bromine (Br) - pres ent in trace amounts Many other elements may be found in extremely small quantities. For example, the human body often contains trace amounts of thorium, uranium, samarium, tungsten, beryllium, and radium. Trace elements considered essential in humans include zinc, iodine, possibly silicon, probably boron, selenium, probably nickel, chromium, manganese, lithium, possibly arsenic, molybdenum, cobalt, and possibly vanadium. Not all of the elements found within the body are essential for life. Some are considered contaminants that appear to do no harm, but serve no known function. Examples include cesium and titanium. Others are actively toxic, including mercury, cadmium, and the radioactive elements. Arsenic is considered to be toxic to humans, but serves a function in other mammals (goats, rats, hamsters) in trace amounts. Aluminum is interesting because it is the third most common element in the Earths crust, yet serves no known function in living cells. While fluorine is used by plants to produce protective toxins, it serves no essential biological role in human beings. You may also wish to view the  elemental composition of an average human body  by mass. Sources Chang, Raymond (2007). Chemistry, 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-110595-6.Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. OUP Oxford. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Frausto Da Silva, J. J. R; Williams, R. J. P (2001-08-16). The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. ISBN 9780198508489.H. A., V. W. Rodwell; P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977.Zumdahl, Steven S. and Susan A. (2000). Chemistry, 5th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 894. ISBN 0-395-98581-1. Elements in the Human Body and What They Do

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 47

History - Essay Example In over four hundred years ago, some of the settlers and Europeans coexisted peacefully, while others fought each other. Even today, many people are still migrating to America to seek a better life. Although slave trade is outdated, there is a high rise of illegal immigrants. Immigration is relevant in today’s world; it has a great impact on the economy. People who run factories, restaurants and farms, find immigrants helpful in their businesses. Immigrants are a cheap source of labor. Therefore, this means low operating costs, high profits, and low prices for commodities produced. For some Americans, immigrants are a hurt to the economy, for instance, high school drop outs who are seeking jobs say immigrants are interfering with the job entry level to take lower wages. Other groups in the society believe immigrants provide a great source of labor, which result to high yield. Immigrants spending on necessities like food, shelter and clothing leads to an increase in domestic gross product. Immigration has resulted to an increase in population, with an estimate of 82% increase from the immigrants. The immigrants come with a positive attitude to excel; they are known to be creative, industrious and adventurous. Many of the immigrants start their businesses that contribute to revenue. In social circles, racism is experienced towards the immigrants, especially the minority groups. For instance, racism exists between the Africa Americans and the non-white Latino immigrants. Attacks and fights have also been experienced between African immigrants and Africa Americans. Because of migration, religion has great diverse in America. For instance, increase in Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Politically, most of the immigrants associate with groups that address immigration issues. The issue of shared amenities is believed to strain a state with time. For instance, if water sources are not increased, then people will

Bowling for Columbine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bowling for Columbine - Essay Example Michael Moore unveils that in modern world, many teenagers follow the example of adults and film heroes trying to obtain guns and use force against innocent citizens. For most of them, guns represent "adulthood", a stylish and trendy way of life. According to Jasis Ordonez-Jasis (2003) "Moore's film explores issues of violence and fear in U.S. society, particularly surrounding the Columbine tragedy of the morning of April 20, 1999, when 12 high school students and one teacher were killed, and dozens of others were wounded, by two fellow classmates" (Jasis and Ordonez-Jasis, 2003, p. 127). In this documentary, Moore uses specific techniques and methods to unveil the message of the film. Traditional definition of a documentary states that "the film is only the sum of the facts recorded on film, or, if you like, not merely the sum, but the product, a 'higher mathematics' of facts" (Michelson cited Bruzzi, 2000, 11). In "Bowling for Columbine", Moore goes beyond traditional documentary practices and norms using elements of fiction. Some critics accuse him in using "false" facts and "deception" which help Moore to influence perception of viewers (Hardy, 2002, Galupo, 2002). For instance, Hardy comments that "Moore leads the reader to draw inferences which he must have known were wrong. Indeed, even speeches shown on screen are heavily edited, so that sentences are assembled in the speaker's voice, but which were not sentences he uttered. Bowling uses deception as its primary tool of persuasion and effect" (Hardy, 2003). Taking into account "Bowling for Columbine", the mix ture of different styles and tools can be interpreted as a specific style of Moore which distinguishes him from other filmmakers. Critics suppose that "Bowling for Columbine" "analyzes with irony and poignancy the corporate, media, and government involvement in creating a climate of pervasive paranoia, exacerbating threats, while glorifying, justifying, or trivializing violence here and abroad" (Ordonez-Jasis, Jasis, 2003, p. 127). To prove this idea, Moore uses military and diplomatic actions conducted by the USA. Throughout the film, Moore uses dramatization and summarization as the main methods to create the message in "Bowling for Columbine". From the very beginning, the signs in the film suggest that maybe evil can prevail even in the presence of good. The severity of this notion carries much weight in the "real" world. The documentary and gritty feel of the film also gives realistic mood and that might signify the reality of everyday life. The trend towards more graphic violence in movies parallels the transition of the general viewing audience to a higher shock level. Viewers are shocked by facts and events depicted in the documentary. Critics criticize Moore for "using too much jokey music, and also for making himself the focus of the story once or twice too often. Mostly, though, he listens to people, in sorrow and outrage and raucous amusement; and what he hears, he communicates without a dull moment, except maybe one" (Klawans, 2002, p. 44). In "Bowling for Columbine", Moore selects the most impressive facts and events creating atmosphere of fear and terror. Some critics (Hardy, 2002, Galupo, 2002) accuse Moore in subjectivity, because he presents one side of the problem only. This method is not typical for documentary films (Bruzzi, 2000), but it helps Moore to depict the gap between expected,

Flexibility in People Management Approach Research Paper

Flexibility in People Management Approach - Research Paper Example Operations management is one of the functional areas of management, which is concerned with managing the operations of a firm such as the production of goods and services to ensure that they can meet the quality and features that the end customers are in need of. Earlier, it was considered merely operational in nature, but with the advancement in marketing philosophy and the shift of business operations from a production orientation to marketing orientation, production management assumes great importance and considered a value-adding area. Production involves a wide spectrum of activities associated with the production and distribution of goods and services. This functional area of management ensures the proper planning, organizing and execution of all operations in an efficient and effective way so that organizational objectives can be attained. The basic principles of this discipline remain the same irrespective of the nature of the organization, but they have to be adapted to the changing nature of the organization and its size. Human resource management involves the proper utilization of people in an organization in a cordial and cooperative environment. This area of management has strict rules and principles with which people are hired, trained, and compensated. However, these principles cannot be used as such without a humanitarian approach. In other words, there are no hard and fast rules as to how people can be managed and utilized, because there are no theories which exactly exhibit human behaviour.

Research Essay Example for Free

Research Essay El Fili as it is popularly called, is a darker and more evolved novel compared to Noli. Its a book about revenge, manipulation, deception and greed to name a few. Its a shorter book. The dreaminess and idealism of the Noli Me Tangere gives way to the darker, grimmer, more cynical tone of the El Filibusterismo. So the language style also changes instead of the longer, declamative dialogue of the Noli, you have the more direct, action-packed style of the Fill. The Noli, with its anti-friar commentary, still shows hopefulness in terms of a Just civil colonial governance. In comparison, the Fili describes a deep-seated corruption in oth civil government and church, creating a society seething with injustice, and setting the stage for possible revolution. I guess this definitely shows the changes in Rizals state of mind as he was writing the two novels. So, he wrote Fili and expressed his thoughts on the possible solution to the countrys situation. Yes, if you really analyze the messages in both novels, Nolis intention was to state the problem while Fills was to present the possible solutions. I thought Rizal did not write Fili Just to fan further the flame caused by Noli but to tell the Filipinos he different alternatives to their problems and what he thought was the best solution: non-violence. 1. Style. The opening scene in Noli, the grand welcome party in Capitan Tiagos house mirrors the condition of the country right away. On the other hand, the upper and lower decks in MN Tabo shows the marked difference between the social strata in the country particularly the Spaniards (peninsulares, insulares, mestizos) and the lowly indios. As per as the manner of writing, i. e. , long or short, simple or complex, sentences, rushed or leisurely pacing, they are the same. -rte SCORE: 0-0 2. Tone. Noli is social while Fili is political. Noli still has a heart because it has this passionate love story between Ibarra and Maria Clara. Fili is mostly about revenge and debates which mean it has more brain than heart. So, this depends in the readers preference. I thought that I enjoyedNoli more. Noli over Fili SCORE: 1-0 3. Mood. Noli is confused yet still hopeful. Angst is still underneath. Fillis altogether hatred from page 1 until the last chapter except in the last scene. There are more scenes in Noli where I was mesmerized by Rizals use of beautiful prose putting natural color on his settings. There are still some in Fili but they were overshadowed by the strong hatred emotions from the characters. SCORE: 2-0 4. Diction. Rizal used his characters to express his thoughts. There are these debates or long conversations that while reading, you will get the feeling that Rizal is discussing his views with you. In Noli, there are only 2: Ibarra and Pilisopo Tasyo is one and the debate about the town fiesta as the other. Fili on the other hand, has a lot more: Isagani vs Ginoong Pasta, Macaraig vs Don Cammaro, the friars and government officials in Los Banos, Placido Penitente vs his professor, Isagani vs Padre Fernandez and even the last scene with Simon and Padre Florentino. Wonderful debates. Fili over Noli SCORE: 2-1 5. Point of View. Both employ an omniscient narrator but there is a part in Fili when Rizal used stream-of-consciousness. This is the part when Simoun heard about the death of Maria Clara. What an effective way of expressing Rizals sadness and I could not help but wonder if this was how he felt when Leonor Rivera got married to a foreigner. SCORE: 2-2 6. Narrative Presence. The attitude of the omniscient narrator is more accommodating and patient in Fili rather than in Noli. For example, in the Noche Buena scene in Noli, the narrator used the readers sympathy over the limping Basilio chasing the crazy Sisa and he forgot to describe the setting. In Fili with Basilio after 13 years, I was in awe reading the beautiful description of the forest while Basilio was remembering the first Noche Buena. Narrative Attitude. Despite those beautiful descriptions of the settings in Fill, it is more direct and straightforward. Although the message is sometimes diluted by the many options presented, Rizal was able to tie the loose ends in the very last chapter during the whole-day conversation between Simoun and Padre Florentino. Also, the dialogues are more brutal like in the scene with the talking head or sphinx. SCORE: 2-4 8. Time Frame. Noli starts with Ibarras homecoming after staying in Europe for 7 years. Fili starts witn Simouns appearance atter disappearing as Ibarra atter 1 years. Ibarra is hopeful that he will be able to bring change by putting up a school with his love for his country as the reason. He was able to learn this from his trips abroad including his stay in Spain. However, the 13 years in Cuba was, for me, not enough for Simoun to gather all those treasures that he claimed to have even come rom Marie Antoinette and the pyramids in Egypt. It Just sounded not too plausible.. Time Management. Noli starts at the end of October to December 24 (Christmas Eve). Fili on Christmas Eve to after Holy Week or after the school year. Less than 2 months for Rizal to tell the tale of a small town of San Diego but he needed more than that to tell the events in the city. I thought he used his time frames quite well in both. SCORE: still at 3-4 10. Place. If Calamba were the basis for San Diego, the Binondo and San Diego locations in Noli seems to be more realistic. The Laguna de Bay-Manila-pasig River- Tiyani-Binondo then finally to a provincial place with a plateau and the plateau is right in front of a deep sea is Just a bit of a stretch. How could the weak and wounded Simoun travel to a far-flung provincial place of Padre Florentino? Some say that the basis of this place was Atimonan, Quezon and it is a 4-hour drive from Manila. But for a horse-drawn carriage during the Spanish times? And Simoun was still able to confess to the priest for 1 whole day! SCORE: 4-4 11. Motif. The letters are the recurring images in Noli and there was not a single letter in Fill. Rather, in Fili the recurring images are the treasures and the lights. The letters in Noli denotes secrecy or inner ghosts. They signify the hidden emotional turmoil of Rizal and the Filipinos. The treasures in Fili means evil not all the glitters are gold and the lights, e. g. the stars that were in the sky guiding Basilio, the lights reflected on the surface of Laguna de Bay and the lamplight that could have killed all the rich and famous in Manila, signify hope. Rizal was really wonderful in using his motifs. SCORE: still at 4-4 12. Theme. Overall, Noli is positive: hope, love, beautiful memories, parties, town iesta, picnic by the riverbank, groundbreaki ng for a school, many books, knowledge, etc. On the other hand, again overall, Fili is negative: hate, revenge, death, rape in the open, persecution, students leaving the university, scary stage shows, protests, son killing his own kin, etc SCORE: 5-4 13. Irony. Since there is no prevailing emotion in Noli, the use of irony in that novel is more effective. Who would forget the Christmas Eve when Basilio was chasing Sisa, his lunatic mother? There were also scenes in Filiwhen this was nicely used like when Simoun went to the house of Kabesang Tales and lured him to commit rebellion by howing him the treasures. However, we already knew Simouns intent even at the onset so it was not as effective as those last scene in Noli. The one of Carolino and Tandang Selo was anti-climatic in my opinion. SCORE: 6-4 14. Rythmn. Narrative rhythm is greatly influence by the theme in these two books. I enjoyed the deployment of words better in Noli for example the old-fashioned but kilig dialogues between Ibarra and Maria Clara when they were in the azotea. The many long debates in Fili were at times so convoluted that they tend to go around in circles (not to mention non-sense characters mouthing nonsense statements) that here are parts when they were boring and pointless. SCORE: 7-4 15. Pace. I thought that this was won by Fili by a mile.